Resources related to Laws and Policies

Biological and Societal Dimensions of Lead Poisoning of Birds in the USA

ABSTRACT.—The ingestion of spent lead shot was known to cause mortality in wild waterfowl in the US a
century before the implementation of nontoxic shot regulations began in 1972. The biological foundation
for this transition was strongly supported by both field observations and structured scientific investigations.
Despite the overwhelming evidence, various societal factors forestalled the full transition to nontoxic shot
for waterfowl hunting until 1991. Now, nearly 20 years later, these same factors weigh heavily in current

Biological and Societal Dimensions of Lead Poisoning of Birds in the USA

Embedded Lead Shot and Infliction Rates in Common Eiders

Wildl. Biol. 12: 257-265.
“As the Eider is a bird very resistant to shot, often 2-3 birds are wounded for each that is shot dead…”
(Müller, South Greenland, 1906)
The large numbers of common eiders Somateria mollissima and king eiders S. spectabilis wintering
in southwest Greenland are subject to intensive hunting, and in addition to direct harvest an unknown
number of birds are wounded and become carriers of embedded lead shot. We conducted the first
assessment of the magnitude of this undesirable side effect of hunting in Greenland by X-raying 879

Embedded Lead Shot and Infliction Rates in Common Eiders

North American Environmental Atlas (CEC, CCA, CCE)

Mapping North America's shared Environment
The North American Environmental Atlas is an interactive mapping tool to research, analyze and manage
environmental issues in Canada, United States and Mexico. All signers of the Migratory Bird Treaty.
Maps are downloadable free of charge and available in an easy to use map viewer format.
The CEC uses maps in the Atlas to:
•Identify priority areas to conserve biodiversity
•Track cross-border transfers of pollutants
•Monitor CO2 emissions across major transportation routes

North American Environmental Atlas
North American Environmental Atlas Brochure

NatureServe - A Network Connecting Science with Conservation

NatureServe is a nonprofit conservation organization dedicated to providing the scientific basis for effective conservation action and a member of the IUCN Red List Partnership. Through its network of 81 natural heritage programs and conservation data centers in the United States, Canada, and Latin America, NatureServe provides a unique body of detailed scientific information and conservation biodiversity expertise about the plants, animals, and ecosystems of the Americas. Learn more at www.natureserve.org.

Nature Serve - A Network Connecting Science with Conservation

English and American Wildlife Law: Lessons From the Past

1993 Proc. Annu. Conf. SEAFWA
Other laws also gave particular attention to breeding animals: gathering the eggs of birds
was prohibited in 1533 and in 1710, salmon were protected during their spawning runs, so
that they might "become very plentiful and common . . . as they were formerly" (Lund 1980).
Physical changes in animals' defensive abilities were also the occasion for English regulations.
In 1533 birds were protected when "the said old fowl be moulted, and not replenished with

English and American Wildlife Law: Lessons From the Past

Atlantic Flyway Sea Duck Survey

The Atlantic Flyway Sea Duck Survey, conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, was established in 1991 to record sea duck numbers using near shore (within 700 m of shore) habitats from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia to Jacksonville, Florida. Existing breeding population surveys for North American waterfowl do not cover the core ranges of about half of North American sea duck species. Many species of North American sea ducks breed across vast Arctic regions that are difficult and costly to survey.

Atlantic Flyway Sea Duck Survey

Aleutian Bering Sea Landscape Conservation Cooperative

The Aleutian and Bering Sea Islands Landscape Conservation Cooperative (ABSI -LCC) is one of 21 Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) identified nationally to complete a network of LCCs across the nation. The LCC concept was formed as land and resource managers recognized that dealing with the potential effects from climate change will require a stronger level of collaboration. They are designed to provide connections between researchers and managers seeking to address large landscape and seascape concerns.

Aleutian Bering Sea Landscape Conservation Cooperative

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